Serializing Data

เวลาที่เราจะทำ serialization เราจะหมายถึงทั้งการ serialize data และการ deserialize data.

Serialization เข้ามามีส่วนทั้งใน Solana program และใน program accounts:

1. Serializing instruction data ที่ client
2. Deserializing instruction data ใน program
3. Serializing Account data ใน program
4. Deserializing Account Data ที่ client

การ serialization ในแต่ละที่สามารถทำได้เหมือนๆ กัน โดย code สั้นๆ (snippets) จะแสดงให้เห็นตัวอย่างของการ serialization โดยใช้ Borsh.

ตัวอย่างใน document นำมาจาก Solana CLI Program Template

การติดตั้งสำหรับ Borsh Serialization

Libraries สำหรับ Borsh ที่ต้องติดตั้งสำหรับ Rust program, Rust client, Node and/or Python client.

[package]
name = "solana-cli-template-program-bpf"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2018"
license = "WTFPL"

# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

[features]
no-entrypoint = []

[dependencies]
borsh = "0.9.0"
lazy_static = "1.4.0"
num-derive = "0.3"
num_enum = "0.5.1"
num-integer = "0.1.44"
num-traits = "0.2"
sol-template-shared = {path = "../shared"}
solana-program = "1.8.2"
thiserror = "1.0"

[dev-dependencies]
solana-program-test = "1.8.2"
solana-sdk = "1.8.2"

[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]

[package]
name = "cli-program-template"
version = "0.1.5"
edition = "2018"
license = "WTFPL"
publish = false

[dependencies]
borsh = "0.9.0"
clap = "2.33.3"
lazy_static = "1.4.0"
serde = { version = "1.0.125", features = ["derive"] }
serde_yaml = "0.8.17"
sol-template-shared = {path = "shared"}
solana-clap-utils = "1.8.2"
solana-cli-config = "1.8.2"
solana-client = "1.8.2"
solana-logger = "1.8.2"
solana-remote-wallet = "1.8.2"
solana-sdk = "1.8.2"
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }

[workspace]
members = [
    "program",
    "shared",
]
[dev-dependencies]
lazy_static = "1.4.0"
solana-validator = "1.8.2"
solana-streamer = "1.8.2"

{
  "name": "ts-program-template",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "description": "Sample TS App",
  "main": "client/nmain.ts",
  "author": "",
  "keywords": [],
  "workspace": "client/",
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "https: //github.com/hashblock/solana-cli-program-template"
  },
  "homepage": "https: //github.com/hashblock/solana-cli-program-template",
  "scripts": {
    "test:all": "npm run build:client && npm run test:client",
    "build:client": "rm -rf ./.dist/client && tsc ",
    "start": "node ./node_modules/.bin/mocha .dist/client/main.js",
    "test:client": "npm run start",
    "lint": "eslint --ext .ts client/* && prettier --check \"client/**/*.ts\"",
    "lint:fix": "eslint --ext .ts client/* --fix",
    "pretty": "prettier --write '{,client/**/}*.ts'"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@tsconfig/recommended": "^1.0.1",
    "@types/chai": "^4.3.0",
    "@types/eslint": "^7.28.2",
    "@types/eslint-plugin-prettier": "^3.1.0",
    "@types/mkdirp": "^1.0.2",
    "@types/mocha": "^9.0.0",
    "@types/prettier": "^2.4.1",
    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^5.6.0",
    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^5.6.0",
    "chai": "^4.3.4",
    "eslint": "^8.2.0",
    "eslint-config-google": "^0.14.0",
    "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.3.0",
    "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^4.0.0",
    "html-webpack-plugin": "^5.5.0",
    "mocha": "^9.1.3",
    "prettier": "^2.4.1",
    "start-server-and-test": "^1.14.0",
    "ts-node": "^10.4.0",
    "typescript": "^4.5.2"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "@solana/web3.js": "^1.31.0",
    "borsh": "^0.7.0",
    "env": "^0.0.2",
    "fs": "^0.0.1-security",
    "mkdirp": "^1.0.4",
    "npm-check-updates": "^12.0.3",
    "sync-request": "^6.1.0",
    "update": "^0.4.2"
  }
}

borsh-construct==0.1.0
solana==0.20.0

วิธี serialize instruction data ที่ client

ถ้าเราจะ serializing instruction data เพื่อส่งให้ program เราจะต้องทำเหมือนที่ program จะ deserializes instruction data เข้าไป.

ใน template นี้ตัว instruction data block ก็คือ serialized array ตามตัวอย่าง:

Instruction (Variant index)	Serialized Key	Serialized Value
Initialize (0)	instruction ใช้ไม่ได้	instruction ใช้ไม่ได้
Mint (1)	"foo"	"bar"
Transfer (2)	"foo"	instruction ใช้ไม่ได้
Burn (2)	"foo"	instruction ใช้ไม่ได้

ตามตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้ เราจะถือว่าaccount ของ program นี้ได้ถูก initialized แล้ว

// Include borsh functionality

import { serialize, deserialize, deserializeUnchecked } from "borsh";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";

// Get Solana
import {
  Keypair,
  Connection,
  PublicKey,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

// Flexible class that takes properties and imbues them
// to the object instance
class Assignable {
  constructor(properties) {
    Object.keys(properties).map((key) => {
      return (this[key] = properties[key]);
    });
  }
}

// Our instruction payload vocabulary
class Payload extends Assignable {}

// Borsh needs a schema describing the payload
const payloadSchema = new Map([
  [
    Payload,
    {
      kind: "struct",
      fields: [
        ["id", "u8"],
        ["key", "string"],
        ["value", "string"],
      ],
    },
  ],
]);

// Instruction variant indexes
enum InstructionVariant {
  InitializeAccount = 0,
  MintKeypair,
  TransferKeypair,
  BurnKeypair,
}

/**
 * Mint a key value pair to account
 * @param {Connection} connection - Solana RPC connection
 * @param {PublicKey} progId - Sample Program public key
 * @param {PublicKey} account - Target program owned account for Mint
 * @param {Keypair} wallet - Wallet for signing and payment
 * @param {string} mintKey - The key being minted key
 * @param {string} mintValue - The value being minted
 * @return {Promise<Keypair>} - Keypair
 */

export async function mintKV(
  connection: Connection,
  progId: PublicKey,
  account: PublicKey,
  wallet: Keypair,
  mintKey: string,
  mintValue: string
): Promise<string> {
  // Construct the payload
  const mint = new Payload({
    id: InstructionVariant.MintKeypair,
    key: mintKey, // 'ts key'
    value: mintValue, // 'ts first value'
  });

  // Serialize the payload
  const mintSerBuf = Buffer.from(serialize(payloadSchema, mint));
  // console.log(mintSerBuf)
  // => <Buffer 01 06 00 00 00 74 73 20 6b 65 79 0e 00 00 00 74 73 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 76 61 6c 75 65>
  // let mintPayloadCopy = deserialize(schema, Payload, mintSerBuf)
  // console.log(mintPayloadCopy)
  // => Payload { id: 1, key: 'ts key', value: 'ts first value' }

  // Create Solana Instruction
  const instruction = new TransactionInstruction({
    data: mintSerBuf,
    keys: [
      { pubkey: account, isSigner: false, isWritable: true },
      { pubkey: wallet.publicKey, isSigner: false, isWritable: false },
    ],
    programId: progId,
  });

  // Send Solana Transaction
  const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
    connection,
    new Transaction().add(instruction),
    [wallet],
    {
      commitment: "singleGossip",
      preflightCommitment: "singleGossip",
    }
  );
  console.log("Signature = ", transactionSignature);
  return transactionSignature;
}

from borsh_construct import String, CStruct, U8
from enum import IntEnum
from solana.transaction import Transaction
from solders.pubkey import Pubkey
from solders.keypair import Keypair
from solders.instruction import Instruction, AccountMeta
from solders.rpc.responses import SendTransactionResp
from solana.rpc.api import Client


# Instruction variants for target program
class InstructionVariant(IntEnum):
    INITIALIZE = 0
    MINT = 1
    TRANSFER = 2
    BURN = 3


# Schema for sending instructionVariants to on-chain sample program
payload_schema = CStruct("id" / U8, "key" / String, "value" / String)


def construct_payload(instruction_variant: InstructionVariant, key: str, value: str):
    """Generate a serialized instructionVariant"""
    return payload_schema.build({"id": instruction_variant, "key": key, "value": value})


def mint_kv(
    client: Client,
    program_pk: Pubkey,
    account_pk: Pubkey,
    wallet_kp: Keypair,
    mint_key: str,
    mint_value: str,
) -> SendTransactionResp:
    """Mint with a key/value pair to an account"""
    # Construct the program payload for Mint invariant
    payload_ser = construct_payload(InstructionVariant.MINT, mint_key, mint_value)

    # print(payload_ser)
    # => b'\x01\n\x00\x00\x00python key\x0c\x00\x00\x00python value'
    # mint_payload_copy = payload_schema.parse(payload_ser)
    # print(mint_payload_copy)
    # => Container:
    # =>     initialized = 1
    # =>     key = u'python key' (total 10)
    # =>     value = u'python value' (total 12)

    # Construct the transaction with instructionVariant
    txn = Transaction().add(
        Instruction(
            accounts=[AccountMeta(account_pk, False, True)], program_id=program_pk, data=payload_ser
        )
    )
    return client.send_transaction(txn, wallet_kp)
    # => {'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'result': '4ZdpWNdovdVaLextWSiqEBWp67k9rNTTUaX3qviHDXWY9c98bVtaRt5sasPhYzMVXHqhex78gzNKytcBnVH5CSTZ', 'id': 2}

/// Instruction payload gets serialized
#[derive(BorshSerialize)]
pub struct Payload<'a> {
    variant: u8,
    key: &'a str,
    value: &'a str,
}

/// Perform a mint transaction consisting of a key/value pair
/// See submit_transaction below
pub fn mint_transaction(
    rpc_client: &RpcClient,
    accounts: &[AccountMeta],
    wallet_signer: &dyn Signer,
    mint_key: &str,
    mint_value: &str,
    mint_instruction_id: u8,
    commitment_config: CommitmentConfig,
) -> Result<Signature, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // Setup the payload. `mint_instruction_id` is instruction variant index = 1
    let data = Payload<`_> {
        variant: mint_instruction_id,
        key: mint_key,
        value: mint_value,
    };
    let instruction = Instruction::new_with_borsh(PROG_KEY.pubkey(), &data, accounts.to_vec());
    submit_transaction(rpc_client, wallet_signer, instruction, commitment_config)
}

/// Submits the program instruction as per the
/// instruction definition
pub fn submit_transaction(
    rpc_client: &RpcClient,
    wallet_signer: &dyn Signer,
    instruction: Instruction,
    commitment_config: CommitmentConfig,
) -> Result<Signature, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut transaction =
        Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&wallet_signer.pubkey())));
    let (recent_blockhash, _fee_calculator) = rpc_client
        .get_recent_blockhash()
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: unable to get recent blockhash: {}", err))?;
    transaction
        .try_sign(&vec![wallet_signer], recent_blockhash)
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: failed to sign transaction: {}", err))?;
    let signature = rpc_client
        .send_and_confirm_transaction_with_spinner_and_commitment(&transaction, commitment_config)
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: send transaction: {}", err))?;
    Ok(signature)
}

วิธี deserialize instruction data ใน program

//! instruction Contains the main ProgramInstruction enum

use {
    crate::error::SampleError, borsh::BorshDeserialize, solana_program::program_error::ProgramError,
};

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
/// All custom program instructions
pub enum ProgramInstruction {
    InitializeAccount,
    MintToAccount { key: String, value: String },
    TransferBetweenAccounts { key: String },
    BurnFromAccount { key: String },
    MintToAccountWithFee { key: String, value: String },
    TransferBetweenAccountsWithFee { key: String },
    BurnFromAccountWithFee { key: String },
}

/// Generic Payload Deserialization
#[derive(BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
struct Payload {
    variant: u8,
    arg1: String,
    arg2: String,
}

impl ProgramInstruction {
    /// Unpack inbound buffer to associated Instruction
    /// The expected format for input is a Borsh serialized vector
    pub fn unpack(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        let payload = Payload::try_from_slice(input).unwrap();
        match payload.variant {
            0 => Ok(ProgramInstruction::InitializeAccount),
            1 => Ok(Self::MintToAccount {
                key: payload.arg1,
                value: payload.arg2,
            }),
            2 => Ok(Self::TransferBetweenAccounts { key: payload.arg1 }),
            3 => Ok(Self::BurnFromAccount { key: payload.arg1 }),
            4 => Ok(Self::MintToAccountWithFee {
                key: payload.arg1,
                value: payload.arg2,
            }),
            5 => Ok(Self::TransferBetweenAccountsWithFee { key: payload.arg1 }),
            6 => Ok(Self::BurnFromAccountWithFee { key: payload.arg1 }),
            _ => Err(SampleError::DeserializationFailure.into()),
        }
    }
}

วิธี serialize account data ใน program

program account data block (จาก repo เดียวกัน) มีรูปแบบดังนี้

Byte 0	Bytes 1-4	เหลือ 1019 Bytes
Initialized flag	ความยาวของ serialized BTreeMap	BTreeMap (ที่เก็บ key value pairs)

Pack

เกี่ยวกับ Pack trait

Pack trait จะซ่อนรายละเอียดในการ serialization/deserialization account data จากการ process Program instruction ดังนั้นแทนที่จะใส่ serialize/deserialize log ใน program processing code มันจะซ่อนรายละเอียดอยุ่ใน (3) functions:

1. unpack_unchecked - ทำให้เรา deserialize account โดยไม่ตรวจว่ามันถูก initialized ไปรึยัง มันจะมีประโยชน์ตอนที่เรา process Initialization function (variant index 0)
2. unpack - เรียกใช้ unpack_from_slice ใน Pack และตรวจสอบว่า account ถูก initialized แล้ว.
3. pack - เรียกใช้ pack_into_slice ใน Pack

นี่คือตัวอย่าง program ของเราที่มีการ implementation ของ Pack trait และต่อด้วยการ process account data โดยใช้ borsh.

//! @brief account_state manages account data

use crate::error::SampleError;
use sol_template_shared::ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE;
use solana_program::{
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    program_error::ProgramError,
    program_pack::{IsInitialized, Pack, Sealed},
};
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

/// Maintains global accumulator
#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct ProgramAccountState {
    is_initialized: bool,
    btree_storage: BTreeMap<String, String>,
}

impl ProgramAccountState {
    /// Returns indicator if this account has been initialized
    pub fn set_initialized(&mut self) {
        self.is_initialized = true;
    }
    /// Adds a new key/value pair to the account
    pub fn add(&mut self, key: String, value: String) -> ProgramResult {
        match self.btree_storage.contains_key(&key) {
            true => Err(SampleError::KeyAlreadyExists.into()),
            false => {
                self.btree_storage.insert(key, value);
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }
    /// Removes a key from account and returns the keys value
    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &str) -> Result<String, SampleError> {
        match self.btree_storage.contains_key(key) {
            true => Ok(self.btree_storage.remove(key).unwrap()),
            false => Err(SampleError::KeyNotFoundInAccount),
        }
    }
}

impl Sealed for ProgramAccountState {}

// Pack expects the implementation to satisfy whether the
// account is initialzed.
impl IsInitialized for ProgramAccountState {
    fn is_initialized(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_initialized
    }
}

impl Pack for ProgramAccountState {
    const LEN: usize = ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE;

    /// Store 'state' of account to its data area
    fn pack_into_slice(&self, dst: &mut [u8]) {
        sol_template_shared::pack_into_slice(self.is_initialized, &self.btree_storage, dst);
    }

    /// Retrieve 'state' of account from account data area
    fn unpack_from_slice(src: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        match sol_template_shared::unpack_from_slice(src) {
            Ok((is_initialized, btree_map)) => Ok(ProgramAccountState {
                is_initialized,
                btree_storage: btree_map,
            }),
            Err(_) => Err(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData),
        }
    }
}

Serialization/Deserialization

เพื่อที่จะเข้าใจการทำงานเบื้องหลังทั้งหมด serialization และ deserialization:

1. sol_template_shared::pack_into_slice - คือที่ๆ การ serialization เกิดขึ้น
2. sol_template_shared::unpack_from_slice - คือที่ๆ การ deserialization เกิดขึ้น

Note เราจะมี u32 (4 bytes) ใน data layout เอาไว้แบ่ง​(partition) ซึ่งในนั้นจะมี BTREE_LENGTH ตามด้วย BTREE_STORAGE ทั้งนี้เราต้องมีไว้เพื่อ borsh ตอน deserialization, ตรวจสอบขนาดของ slice ที่เราจะ deserializing เลือกจำนวนของ data ที่จะอ่านก่อนที่จะไปรวม object ที่ได้มา. วิธีในตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้เราจะอ่าน BTREE_LENGTH ขนาดก่อนแล้วค่อย slice มันออกจาก BTREE_STORAGE pointer.

use {
    arrayref::*,
    borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize},
    solana_program::program_memory::sol_memcpy,
    std::{collections::BTreeMap, error::Error},
};

/// Initialization flag size for account state
pub const INITIALIZED_BYTES: usize = 1;
/// Storage for the serialized size of the BTreeMap control
pub const BTREE_LENGTH: usize = 4;
/// Storage for the serialized BTreeMap container
pub const BTREE_STORAGE: usize = 1019;
/// Sum of all account state lengths
pub const ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE: usize = INITIALIZED_BYTES + BTREE_LENGTH + BTREE_STORAGE;

/// Packs the initialized flag and data content into destination slice
#[allow(clippy::ptr_offset_with_cast)]
pub fn pack_into_slice(
    is_initialized: bool,
    btree_storage: &BTreeMap<String, String>,
    dst: &mut [u8],
) {
    let dst = array_mut_ref![dst, 0, ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE];
    // Setup pointers to key areas of account state data
    let (is_initialized_dst, data_len_dst, data_dst) =
        mut_array_refs![dst, INITIALIZED_BYTES, BTREE_LENGTH, BTREE_STORAGE];
    // Set the initialized flag
    is_initialized_dst[0] = is_initialized as u8;
    // Store the core data length and serialized content
    let keyval_store_data = btree_storage.try_to_vec().unwrap();
    let data_len = keyval_store_data.len();
    if data_len < BTREE_STORAGE {
        data_len_dst[..].copy_from_slice(&(data_len as u32).to_le_bytes());
        sol_memcpy(data_dst, &keyval_store_data, data_len);
    } else {
        panic!();
    }
}

/// Unpacks the data from slice and return the initialized flag and data content
#[allow(clippy::ptr_offset_with_cast)]
pub fn unpack_from_slice(src: &[u8]) -> Result<(bool, BTreeMap<String, String>), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let src = array_ref![src, 0, ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE];
    // Setup pointers to key areas of account state data
    let (is_initialized_src, data_len_src, data_src) =
        array_refs![src, INITIALIZED_BYTES, BTREE_LENGTH, BTREE_STORAGE];

    let is_initialized = match is_initialized_src {
        [0] => false,
        [1] => true,
        _ => {
            return Err(Box::<dyn Error>::from(format!(
                "unrecognized initialization flag \"{:?}\". in account",
                is_initialized_src
            )))
        }
    };
    // Get current size of content in data area
    let data_len = u32::from_le_bytes(*data_len_src) as usize;
    // If emptry, create a default
    if data_len == 0 {
        Ok((is_initialized, BTreeMap::<String, String>::new()))
    } else {
        let data_dser = BTreeMap::<String, String>::try_from_slice(&data_src[0..data_len]).unwrap();
        Ok((is_initialized, data_dser))
    }
}

การใช้งาน

ตัวอย่างต่อไปเราจะประกอบทุกอย่างเข้าด้วยกัน และจะแสดงวิธีที่ program ทำงานร่วมกับ ProgramAccountState ซึ่งมี initialization flag และ BTreeMap สำหรับ key/value pairs เก็บไว้อยู่ในนั้น

อันดับแรก เมื่อเราต้องการเริ่มต้นบัญชีใหม่:

/// Initialize a new program account, which is the first in AccountInfo array
fn initialize_account(accounts: &[AccountInfo]) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Initialize account");
    let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    let program_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
    let mut account_data = program_account.data.borrow_mut();
    // Here we use unpack_unchecked as we have yet to initialize
    // Had we tried to use unpack it would fail because, well, chicken and egg
    let mut account_state = ProgramAccountState::unpack_unchecked(&account_data)?;
    // We double check that we haven't already initialized this accounts data
    // more than once. If we are good, we set the initialized flag
    if account_state.is_initialized() {
        return Err(SampleError::AlreadyInitializedState.into());
    } else {
        account_state.set_initialized();
    }
    // Finally, we store back to the accounts space
    ProgramAccountState::pack(account_state, &mut account_data).unwrap();
    Ok(())
}

Now we สามารถ operate on our other instructions as the following demonstrates minting a new key value pair that we demonstrated above when sending instructions from a client:

/// Mint a key/pair to the programs account, which is the first in accounts
fn mint_keypair_to_account(accounts: &[AccountInfo], key: String, value: String) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Mint to account");
    let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    let program_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
    let mut account_data = program_account.data.borrow_mut();
    // Unpacking an uninitialized account state will fail
    let mut account_state = ProgramAccountState::unpack(&account_data)?;
    // Add the key value pair to the underlying BTreeMap
    account_state.add(key, value)?;
    // Finally, serialize back to the accounts data
    ProgramAccountState::pack(account_state, &mut account_data)?;
    Ok(())
}

วิธี deserialize account data ที่ client

เวลาที่ Clients ดึง program account จาก Solana จะมี serialized data block ติดมาด้วยส่วนนึง การที่จะ deserializing ในส่วนนี้เราจะต้องรู้จักรูปแบบ data block layout ก่อน

layout ของ account data มีอธิบายไว้ ที่นี่

import { serialize, deserialize, deserializeUnchecked } from "borsh";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";
import {
  Keypair,
  AccountMeta,
  Connection,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

// Flexible class that takes properties and imbues them
// to the object instance
class Assignable {
  constructor(properties) {
    Object.keys(properties).map((key) => {
      return (this[key] = properties[key]);
    });
  }
}

export class AccoundData extends Assignable {}

const dataSchema = new Map([
  [
    AccoundData,
    {
      kind: "struct",
      fields: [
        ["initialized", "u8"],
        ["tree_length", "u32"],
        ["map", { kind: "map", key: "string", value: "string" }],
      ],
    },
  ],
]);

/**
 * Fetch program account data
 * @param {Connection} connection - Solana RPC connection
 * @param {PublicKey} account - Public key for account whose data we want
 * @return {Promise<AccoundData>} - Keypair
 */
export async function getAccountData(
  connection: Connection,
  account: PublicKey
): Promise<AccoundData> {
  let nameAccount = await connection.getAccountInfo(account, "processed");
  return deserializeUnchecked(dataSchema, AccoundData, nameAccount.data);
}

from borsh_construct import CStruct, U8, U32, HashMap, String
from solana.rpc.commitment import Confirmed
from solders.pubkey import Pubkey
from solana.rpc.api import Client


# Schema to deserialize program's account data
account_schema = CStruct(
    "initialized" / U8,
    "map_length" / U32,
    "map" / HashMap(String, String)
)


def get_account_info(client: Client, account_pk: Pubkey):
    """Fetch account information from RPC, parse out the data and deserialize"""
    res = client.get_account_info(account_pk, Confirmed, encoding='base64')
    return account_schema.parse(res.value.data)

# Results in or similar
# => Container:
# =>     initialized = 1
# =>     map_length = 109
# =>     map = {'Happy': 'New Year!', 'newKey': 'A new value',
# =>            'python key': 'python value', 'ts key': 'ts first value'}

use {
    arrayref::*,
    borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize},
    std::{collections::BTreeMap, error::Error},
};

#[allow(clippy::ptr_offset_with_cast)]
pub fn unpack_from_slice(src: &[u8]) -> Result<(bool, BTreeMap<String, String>), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let src = array_ref![src, 0, ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE];
    // Setup pointers to key areas of account state data
    let (is_initialized_src, data_len_src, data_src) =
        array_refs![src, INITIALIZED_BYTES, BTREE_LENGTH, BTREE_STORAGE];

    let is_initialized = match is_initialized_src {
        [0] => false,
        [1] => true,
        _ => {
            return Err(Box::<dyn Error>::from(format!(
                "unrecognized initialization flag \"{:?}\". in account",
                is_initialized_src
            )))
        }
    };
    // Get current size of content in data area
    let data_len = u32::from_le_bytes(*data_len_src) as usize;
    // If emptry, create a default
    if data_len == 0 {
        Ok((is_initialized, BTreeMap::<String, String>::new()))
    } else {
        let data_dser = BTreeMap::<String, String>::try_from_slice(&data_src[0..data_len]).unwrap();
        Ok((is_initialized, data_dser))
    }
}

Solana TS/JS Mappings ทั่วไป

Borsh Specification มีการ mappings สำหรับ primitive และ compound data types ทั้งหมด.

กุญแจของ TS/JS และ Python คือการกำหนด Borsh Schema ด้วยคำนิยาม (definition) ที่ถูกต้อง เวลา serialize และ deserialize จะได้สามารถสร้างหรือทำงานกับ inputs ได้อย่างไม่มีปัญหา.

นี่คือตัวอย่างของการทำ serialization ของ primitives (numbers, strings) และ compound types (fixed size array, Map) เริ่มจาก Typescript แล้วไปต่อที่ Python และสุดท้ายทำการ deserialization แบบเดียวกันด้วย Rust:

#!/usr/bin/env node

import { serialize, deserialize, deserializeUnchecked } from "borsh";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";
import { expect } from "chai";
import { PublicKey, Struct } from "@solana/web3.js";

/**
 * Primitive extends the Struct type from Solana Library
 * for convenience of dynamic property setting
 * @extends {Struct} Solana JS Struct class
 */

class Primitive extends Struct {
  constructor(properties) {
    super(properties);
  }
}

/**
 * Entry point for script *
 */
async function entry() {
  // Emulate BTreeMap
  let map = new Map();
  map.set("cookbook", "recipe");
  map.set("recipe", "ingredient");

  // Setup a Primitive for all basic and a few
  // compound types
  const value = new Primitive({
    U8: 255,
    U16: 65535,
    U32: 4294967295,
    FIXED_STRING_ARRAY: ["hello", "world"],
    FIXED_U8_ARRAY: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    MAP_STRING_STRING: map,
  });
  // Define our schema
  const schema = new Map([
    [
      Primitive,
      {
        kind: "struct",
        fields: [
          ["U8", "u8"],
          ["U16", "u16"],
          ["U32", "u32"],
          ["FIXED_STRING_ARRAY", ["string", 2]],
          ["FIXED_U8_ARRAY", ["u8", 5]],
          [
            "MAP_STRING_STRING",
            { kind: "map", key: "string", value: "string" },
          ],
        ],
      },
    ],
  ]);
  console.log("Value = ", value);
  // Serialize then deserialize
  const dser = Buffer.from(serialize(schema, value));
  console.log(dser);
  const newValue = deserialize(schema, Primitive, dser);
  // Viola!
  console.log("New value = ", newValue);
  console.log("Fixed string array = ", newValue["FIXED_STRING_ARRAY"]);
  console.log("Fixed u8 array = ", newValue["FIXED_U8_ARRAY"]);
  console.log("Map = ", newValue["MAP_STRING_STRING"]);
}

entry();

from borsh_construct import U8, U16, U32, String, HashMap

# Schema to deserialize various types
primitive_schema = CStruct(
        "U8" / U8,
        "U16" / U16,
        "U32" / U32,
        "FIXED_STRING_ARRAY" / String[2],
        "FIXED_U8_ARRAY" / U8[5],
        "MAP_STRING_STRING" / HashMap(String, String)
)


def common():
    mapping = {"cookbook": "recipe", "recipe": "ingredient"}

    # Serialize
    dser = primitive_schema.build({
        'U8': 255,
        'U16': 65535,
        'U32': 4294967295,
        "FIXED_STRING_ARRAY": ['hello', 'world'],
        "FIXED_U8_ARRAY": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
        "MAP_STRING_STRING": mapping})
    print(dser)
    # => b'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x05\x00\x00\x00hello\x05\x00\x00\x00world\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x02\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00cookbook\x06\x00\x00\x00recipe\x06\x00\x00\x00recipe\n\x00\x00\x00ingredient'
    # Deserialize
    new_value = primitive_schema.parse(dser)
    # Viola
    print(new_value)
    # => Container:
    # =>    U8 = 255
    # =>    U16 = 65535
    # =>    U32 = 4294967295
    # =>    FIXED_STRING_ARRAY = ListContainer:
    # =>        hello
    # =>        world
    # =>    FIXED_U8_ARRAY = ListContainer:
    # =>        1
    # =>        2
    # =>        3
    # =>        4
    # =>        5
    # =>    MAP_STRING_STRING = {'cookbook': 'recipe', 'recipe': 'ingredient'}

fn main() {}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
    use std::collections::BTreeMap;

    #[test]
    fn primitives() {
        let prim = [
            255u8, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 5, 0, 0, 0, 104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 5, 0, 0, 0,
            119, 111, 114, 108, 100, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 99, 111, 111, 107, 98,
            111, 111, 107, 6, 0, 0, 0, 114, 101, 99, 105, 112, 101, 6, 0, 0, 0, 114, 101, 99, 105,
            112, 101, 10, 0, 0, 0, 105, 110, 103, 114, 101, 100, 105, 101, 110, 116,
        ];
        #[derive(BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize, Debug)]
        struct Primitive(
            u8,
            u16,
            u32,
            String,
            String,
            [u8; 5],
            BTreeMap<String, String>,
        );
        let x = Primitive::try_from_slice(&prim).unwrap();
        println!("{:?}", x);
    }
}

Advanced Constructs

เราได้แสดงวิธีสร้าง Payloads ง่ายๆ ในตัวอย่างที่แล้ว ซึ่งในบางครั้ง Solana จะคืน data types นั้นๆ มาให้เลย ในส่วนนี้เราจะแสดงตัวอย่างการ mapping ระหว่าง TS/JS และ Rust เพื่อที่จะจัดการมันได้

COption

#!/usr/bin/env node

import { serialize, deserialize, deserializeUnchecked } from "borsh";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";
import { PublicKey, Struct } from "@solana/web3.js";

/**
 * COption is meant to mirror the
 * `solana_program::options::COption`
 *
 * This type stores a u32 flag (0 | 1) indicating
 * the presence or not of a underlying PublicKey
 *
 * Similar to a Rust Option
 * @extends {Struct} Solana JS Struct class
 * @implements {encode}
 */
class COption extends Struct {
  constructor(properties) {
    super(properties);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a COption from a PublicKey
   * @param {PublicKey?} akey
   * @returns {COption} COption
   */
  static fromPublicKey(akey?: PublicKey): COption {
    if (akey == undefined) {
      return new COption({
        noneOrSome: 0,
        pubKeyBuffer: new Uint8Array(32),
      });
    } else {
      return new COption({
        noneOrSome: 1,
        pubKeyBuffer: akey.toBytes(),
      });
    }
  }
  /**
   * @returns {Buffer} Serialized COption (this)
   */
  encode(): Buffer {
    return Buffer.from(serialize(COPTIONSCHEMA, this));
  }
  /**
   * Safe deserializes a borsh serialized buffer to a COption
   * @param {Buffer} data - Buffer containing borsh serialized data
   * @returns {COption} COption object
   */
  static decode(data): COption {
    return deserialize(COPTIONSCHEMA, this, data);
  }

  /**
   * Unsafe deserializes a borsh serialized buffer to a COption
   * @param {Buffer} data - Buffer containing borsh serialized data
   * @returns {COption} COption object
   */
  static decodeUnchecked(data): COption {
    return deserializeUnchecked(COPTIONSCHEMA, this, data);
  }
}

/**
 * Defines the layout of the COption object
 * for serializing/deserializing
 * @type {Map}
 */
const COPTIONSCHEMA = new Map([
  [
    COption,
    {
      kind: "struct",
      fields: [
        ["noneOrSome", "u32"],
        ["pubKeyBuffer", [32]],
      ],
    },
  ],
]);

/**
 * Entry point for script *
 */
async function entry(indata?: PublicKey) {
  // If we get a PublicKey
  if (indata) {
    // Construct COption instance
    const coption = COption.fromPublicKey(indata);
    console.log("Testing COption with " + indata.toBase58());
    // Serialize it
    let copt_ser = coption.encode();
    console.log("copt_ser ", copt_ser);
    // Deserialize it
    const tdone = COption.decode(copt_ser);
    console.log(tdone);
    // Validate contains PublicKey
    if (tdone["noneOrSome"] == 1) {
      console.log("pubkey: " + new PublicKey(tdone["pubKeyBuffer"]).toBase58());
    }
    /*
            Output:
            Testing COption with A94wMjV54C8f8wn7zL8TxNCdNiGoq7XSN7vWGrtd4vwU
            copt_ser  Buffer(36) [1, 0, 0, 0, 135, 202, 71, 214, 68, 105, 98, 176, 211, 130, 105, 2, 55, 187, 86, 186, 109, 176, 80, 208, 77, 100, 221, 101, 20, 203, 149, 166, 96, 171, 119, 35, buffer: ArrayBuffer(8192), byteLength: 36, byteOffset: 1064, length: 36]
            COption {noneOrSome: 1, pubKeyBuffer: Uint8Array(32)}
            pubkey: A94wMjV54C8f8wn7zL8TxNCdNiGoq7XSN7vWGrtd4vwU
        */
  } else {
    console.log("Testing COption with null");
    // Construct COption instance
    const coption = COption.fromPublicKey();
    // Serialize it
    const copt_ser = coption.encode();
    console.log(copt_ser);
    // Deserialize it
    const tdone1 = COption.decode(copt_ser);
    console.log(tdone1);
    // Validate does NOT contains PublicKey
    if (tdone1["noneOrSome"] == 1) {
      throw Error("Expected no public key");
    } else console.log("pubkey: null");
    /*
            Output:
            Testing COption with null
            Buffer(36)[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, buffer: ArrayBuffer(8192), byteLength: 36, byteOffset: 2272, length: 36]
            COption { noneOrSome: 0, pubKeyBuffer: Uint8Array(32) }
            pubkey: null
        */
  }
}

// Test with PublicKey
entry(new PublicKey("A94wMjV54C8f8wn7zL8TxNCdNiGoq7XSN7vWGrtd4vwU"));
console.log("");
// Test without PublicKey
entry();

fn main() {}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use arrayref::{array_ref, array_refs};
    use solana_program::{program_option::COption, pubkey::Pubkey};

    /// Emulate how COption is 'unpacked'
    fn deser_option(data: &[u8]) -> COption<Pubkey> {
        // Map the data block
        let ain = array_ref![data, 0, 36];
        let (base, key) = array_refs![ain, 4, 32];
        // Get the SOME or NONE u32
        let nos = u32::from_le_bytes(*base);
        // Construct the COption accordingly
        let opt: COption<Pubkey> = if nos == 0 {
            COption::None
        } else {
            COption::Some(Pubkey::new_from_array(*key))
        };
        opt
    }
    #[test]
    fn btest() {
        // From Typescript with borsh'ing
        let copt = [
            1u8, 0, 0, 0, 135, 202, 71, 214, 68, 105, 98, 176, 211, 130, 105, 2, 55, 187, 86, 186,
            109, 176, 80, 208, 77, 100, 221, 101, 20, 203, 149, 166, 96, 171, 119, 35,
        ];
        // Emulate COption deserialization
        let coption = deser_option(&copt);
        if coption.is_some() {
            println!("{:?}", coption.expect("Uh-oh"));
        }
        // As a Borsh Struct
        #[derive(BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize, Debug)]
        struct TOption(u32, [u8; 32]);
        let toption = TOption::try_from_slice(&copt).unwrap();
        let pkey = Pubkey::new_from_array(toption.1);
        println!("Some = {:?} Pubkey = {:?}", toption.0, pkey);
    }
}

Resources

• Borsh Specification
• Rust Borsh
• TS/JS Borsh
• Python Borsh
• Python Borsh Documentation
• Solana CLI Program Template2